dowel

ADR-0016: The language standard is a typed property merged by maximum

Status: Accepted

Context

Until now the C/C++ standard was written as a raw flag:

[lib.foo.private]
cxx_flags = ["-std=c++20"]

Three things follow from that, none of them good.

• The value is opaque. -std=c++2a, -std=c++20, and -std=gnu++20 are three different strings that dowel cannot tell apart, cannot validate, and cannot compare. A typo reaches the compiler and comes back in the compiler’s words, not the manifest’s
• It does not propagate meaningfully. cxx_flags merges with append, so a library requiring C++20 and a consumer asking for C++17 produce -std=c++20 -std=c++17 — the last one wins, silently compiling the library’s C++20 headers under C++17
• It is unavailable to the ABI label. Q2 (docs/99-open-questions.md) lists the C++ standard version as a candidate component of the label. A flag string inside a list cannot be a component of anything

Decision

c_std and cxx_std are typed properties of the public / private blocks, each with a closed, ordered vocabulary (c89 … c23, c++98 … c++26). A value outside its vocabulary is the error unknown-standard, with the accepted list and an edit-distance suggestion. The check runs on the written value — including every match arm and when branch — so a misspelling is not deferred until the configuration that selects it.

They merge with a new rule, max: the highest standard reached along the closure wins. This is the correct semantics for a language standard, and it is what must_equal (the abi rule) would get wrong:

• A library requiring C++17 consumed by a C++20 binary is correct — compiling everything at C++20 satisfies both. must_equal would fail the build over a non-problem
• A library requiring C++20 consumed by a target asking for C++14 raises that target to C++20 — otherwise the library’s public headers do not compile in the consumer

The property becomes -std=<value> for its own language only, placed before c_flags / cxx_flags so that an explicitly written -std= still wins (last occurrence wins in both gcc and clang).

Consequences

• GNU dialects (gnu++20) are deliberately outside the vocabulary. A dialect is a different axis from a standard version and cannot be placed in one total order; cxx_flags = ["-std=gnu++20"] remains the way to ask for one, and it overrides the typed property by position
• max is a general rule, not a special case for standards: it applies to any property whose domain is a closed ordered vocabulary. PropDef grew a domain field, which supplies both the validation set and the order
• The standard is now a first-class value the ABI label can read when Q2 is decided. This ADR does not decide that the label includes it — composition stays open — only that the input now exists in typed form
• abi keeps must_equal. The two rules coexist because they answer different questions: an ABI label must be identical to be compatible, while a standard version must merely be sufficient

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